Everyone in England must stay at home except for permitted reasons during a new coronavirus lockdown beginning at midnight, Boris Johnson has announced.
All schools and colleges will close to most pupils and switch to remote learning until the middle of February.
In a televised address, the PM urged people to follow the rules immediately amid surging cases and patient numbers.
He said those in the top four priority groups would receive a first vaccine dose by mid-February.
Speaking from Downing Street, Mr Johnson said the weeks ahead would be the “hardest yet”.
But he added that he believed the country was entering “the last phase of the struggle”.
Scotland earlier issued a stay-at-home order and joined Wales in closing classrooms for most pupils.
Northern Ireland’s Stormont Executive are also meeting to discuss possible new measures .
On Monday, the UK recorded more than 50,000 new confirmed Covid cases for the seventh day in a row.
A further 58,784 cases and an additional 407 deaths within 28 days of a positive test result were reported, though deaths in Scotland were not recorded.
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At-a-glance: New rules in England
People cannot leave their homes except for certain reasons, like the first lockdown last March
These include essential medical needs, food shopping, exercise and work for those who cannot do so from home
All schools and colleges will close to most pupils from Tuesday with remote learning until February half term
Early years settings such as nurseries will stay open
End-of-year exams will not take place this summer as normal
Elsewhere, university students should not return to campuses and will be taught online
Restaurants can continue to offer delivery for food, but takeaway alcohol will be banned
Outdoor sports venues – such as golf courses, tennis courts and outside gyms – must close
Amateur team sports are not allowed , but elite sport such as Premier League football can continue
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Those who are clinically extremely vulnerable will be contacted by letter and should now shield once more, Mr Johnson said.
Support and childcare bubbles will continue under the new measures – and people can meet one person from another household for outdoor exercise.
The government has published a 22-page document outlining the new rules in detail.
Mr Johnson’s spoke after UK chief medical officers recommended the Covid threat level be increased to five – its highest level .
They warned of a “material risk of healthcare services being overwhelmed” in several areas over the next 21 days.
Level five means the NHS may soon be unable to handle a further sustained rise in cases, the medical officers said in a joint statement.
NHS Providers, which represents health service trusts, said hospitals were at a “critical point” and that “immediate and decisive action” was needed.
A new variant – first identified in Kent and since seen across the UK and other parts of the world – has been found to spread much more easily than earlier variants .
